Examine individual changes

'{{short description|Weapon that uses soundwaves against people}} {{Redirect-distinguish |Ultrasonic weapon|hypersonic weapon}} [[File:LRAD naval.jpg|thumb|A long-range acoustic device ([[LRAD]]) in use on the [[USS Blue Ridge (LCC-19)|USS ''Blue Ridge'']]]] '''Sonic''' and '''ultrasonic weapons''' ('''USW''') are weapons of various types that use [[sound]] to injure or incapacitate an opponent. Some sonic weapons make a focused beam of sound or of [[ultrasound]]; others produce an area field of sound. {{As of|2023}} [[military]] and [[police]] forces make some limited use of sonic weapons. == Use and deployment == [[File:Long Range Acoustic Device 500X in New York City.jpg|thumb|An [[NYPD]] officer stands ready with the [[LRAD]] 500X at an [[Occupy Wall Street]] protest on November 17, 2011 near the city hall.]] Extremely high-power sound waves can disrupt or destroy the [[eardrum]]s of a target and cause severe pain or disorientation. This is usually sufficient to incapacitate a person. Less powerful sound waves can cause humans to experience nausea or discomfort. The possibility of a device that produces frequency that causes vibration of the eyeballs—and therefore distortion of vision—was suggested by [[paranormal]] researcher [[Vic Tandy]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://skepdic.com/infrasound.html|title=infrasound – The Skeptic's Dictionary |website=skepdic.com|access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |author=Tandy V.|author2=Lawrence, T|name-list-style=amp |date=1998 |title=The ghost in the machine |journal=Journal of the Society for Psychical Research |issue=62 |pages=360–64 }}</ref> in the 1990s while attempting to demystify a "haunting" in his laboratory in [[Coventry]]. This "spook" was characterised by a feeling of unease and vague glimpses of a grey apparition. Some detective work implicated a newly-installed extractor fan, found by Tandy, that was generating [[infrasound]] of 18.9&nbsp;Hz, 0.3&nbsp;Hz, and 9&nbsp;Hz. A long-range acoustic device ([[LRAD]]) produces a 30 degree cone of audible sound in frequencies within the human hearing spectrum (20&nbsp;Hz – 20&nbsp;kHz). An LRAD was used by the crew of the cruise ship ''[[Seabourn Spirit]]'' in 2005 to deter [[Pirate|pirates]] who chased and attacked the ship.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/4418748.stm|title=Cruise lines turn to sonic weapon|date=2005-11-08|access-date=2010-09-30|publisher=[[BBC]]}}</ref> More commonly this device and others of similar design have been used to disperse protesters and rioters in crowd control efforts. A similar system is called a "magnetic acoustic device".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=4857417|title=Focused Sound 'Laser' for Crowd Control|website=NPR.org |access-date=29 September 2017}}</ref> [[The Mosquito]] sonic devices have been used in the United Kingdom to deter teenagers from lingering around shops in target areas. The device works by emitting an ultra-high frequency blast (around 19–20&nbsp;kHz) that teenagers or people under approximately 20 are susceptible to and find uncomfortable. Age-related hearing loss apparently prevents the ultra-high pitch sound from causing a nuisance to those in their late twenties and above, though this is wholly dependent on a young person's past exposure to high sound pressure levels.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} In 2020 and 2021, Greek authorities used long-range sound cannons to deter migrants on the Turkish border.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-28|title=Greece aims long-range sound cannons at migrants across its border|url=https://www.codastory.com/authoritarian-tech/sound-cannons-greece/|access-date=2021-11-07|website=Coda Story|language=en-US}}</ref> High-amplitude sound of a specific pattern at a frequency close to the sensitivity peak of human hearing (2–3&nbsp;kHz) is used as a burglar deterrent.<ref>http://inferno.se/pdf/eng-test-hearinglossrisk.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref> Some police forces have used sound cannons against protesters, for example during the [[2009 G20 Pittsburgh summit]],<ref>{{cite news| url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/blog/2009/sep/25/sonic-cannon-g20-pittsburgh | work=The Guardian | location=London | title=G20 protesters blasted by sonic cannon | first=Matthew | last=Weaver | date=2009-09-25 | access-date=2010-05-23}}</ref> the 2014 [[Ferguson unrest]],<ref>[https://motherboard.vice.com/en_us/article/qkve7q/the-new-sound-of-crowd-control The New Sound of Crowd Control]</ref> and the 2016 [[Dakota Access Pipeline]] protest in North Dakota,<ref>{{cite news|title=Watch: Shots reportedly fired, 141 arrested at Dakota Access Pipeline protests|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/seattle-news/environment/live-updates-from-the-dakota-access-pipeline-protests-oct-27/|access-date=6 December 2016|publisher=The Seattle Times|date=October 27, 2016}}</ref> among others. It has been reported that "sonic attacks" may have taken place in the American embassy in Cuba in 2016 and 2017 ("[[Havana syndrome]]"), leading to health problems, including hearing loss, in US and Canadian government employees at the US and Canadian embassies in Havana.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/25/us-embassy-havana-unexplained-cases-of-hearing-loss-cuba |title=US says 16 people were affected by unexplained health problems at Havana embassy |author=Staff and agencies |publisher=Guardian (UK) |date=2017-08-25}}</ref> However, more recent reports hypothesize microwave energy as the cause<ref name="WilliamsHerb">Katie Bo Williams & Jeremy Herb, [https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/29/politics/us-investigating-mysterious-directed-energy-attack-white-house/index.html US investigating possible mysterious directed energy attack near White House] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429175852/https://www.cnn.com/2021/04/29/politics/us-investigating-mysterious-directed-energy-attack-white-house/index.html |date=April 29, 2021}}, CNN (April 29, 2021).</ref><ref name=NatAcademies>''[https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25889/an-assessment-of-illness-in-us-government-employees-and-their-families-at-overseas-embassies Consensus Study Report: An Assessment of Illness in U.S. Government Employees and Their Families at Overseas Embassies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201209002236/https://www.nap.edu/catalog/25889/an-assessment-of-illness-in-us-government-employees-and-their-families-at-overseas-embassies |date=December 9, 2020}}'', Standing Committee to Advise the Department of State on Unexplained Health Effects on U.S. Government Employees and Their Families at Overseas Embassies, of the [[National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine]] (2020).</ref><ref>{{Cite news|title=Long before Havana Syndrome, the U.S. reported microwaves beamed at an embassy|language=en|work=NPR.org|url=https://www.npr.org/2021/10/21/1047342593/long-before-havana-syndrome-u-s-reported-microwaves-beamed-at-an-embassy|access-date=2021-10-27}}</ref> or their bodies tricking themselves via a mass psychogenic condition caused by extended periods of stress, such as working in an embassy of a nation considered hostile to your own.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2021-09-08 |title=‘Havana syndrome ’ and the mystery of the microwaves |language=en-GB |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-58396698 |access-date=2024-01-03}}</ref> ==Research== {{See also|United States Department of Defense policy on non-lethal weapons}} Studies have found that exposure to high intensity [[ultrasound]] at frequencies from 700&nbsp;kHz to 3.6&nbsp;MHz can cause lung and intestinal damage in mice. Heart rate patterns following vibroacoustic stimulation has resulted in serious negative consequences such as atrial flutter and [[bradycardia]].<ref>Exploiting Technical Opportunities to Capture Advanced Capabilities for Our Soldiers; Army AL&T; 2007 Oct–Dec; Dr. Reed Skaggs [http://asc.army.mil/docs/pubs/alt/2007/4_OctNovDec/articles/16_Exploiting_Technical_Opportunities_to_Capture_Advanced_Capabilities_for_Our_Soldiers_200710.pdf]</ref><ref>Air University Research Template: "Non-lethal Weapons: Setting our Phasers on Stun? Potential Strategic Blessings and Curses of Non-Lethal Weapons on the Battlefield"; Erik L. Nutley, Lieutenant Colonel, USAF; August 2003; Occasional Paper No. 34; Center for Strategy and Technology; Air War College; Air University; Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama; PG12 [http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat34.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090327041253/http://www.au.af.mil/au/awc/awcgate/cst/csat34.pdf|date=2009-03-27}}</ref> ''See: [[Microwave auditory effect]]'' ===Effects other than to the ears=== The extra-aural (unrelated to hearing) bioeffects on various internal organs and the central nervous system included auditory shifts, vibrotactile sensitivity change, muscle contraction, cardiovascular function change, central nervous system effects, vestibular (inner ear) effects, and chest wall/lung tissue effects. Researchers found that low-frequency sonar exposure could result in significant cavitations, hypothermia, and tissue shearing. No follow up experiments were recommended. Tests performed on mice show the threshold for both lung and liver damage occurs at about 184&nbsp;dB. Damage increases rapidly as intensity is increased.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}} The [[American Institute of Ultrasound in Medicine]] (AIUM) has stated that there have been no proven biological effects associated with an unfocused sound beam with intensities below 100&nbsp;mW/cm² SPTA or focused sound beams below an intensity level of 1&nbsp;mW/cm² SPTA.<ref>"Ultrasound Physics 2nd edition"; Terry Reynolds, BS RDCS; School of Cardiac Ultrasound, Arizona Heart Foundation, Phoenix, AZ; 2005.</ref> Noise-induced neurologic disturbances in scuba divers exposed to continuous low-frequency tones for durations longer than 15 minutes has involved in some cases the development of immediate and long-term problems affecting brain tissue. The symptoms resembled those of individuals who had suffered minor head injuries. One theory for a causal mechanism is that the prolonged sound exposure resulted in enough mechanical strain to brain tissue to induce an [[encephalopathy]]. Divers and aquatic mammals may also suffer lung and sinus injuries from high intensity, low-frequency sound. This is due to the ease with which low-frequency sound passes from water into a body, but not into any pockets of gas in the body, which reflect the sound due to mismatched acoustic impedance.<ref>“Non-Lethal Swimmer Neutralization Study”; [[Applied Research Laboratories]]; The [[University of Texas at Austin]]; [[G2 Software Systems]], Inc., San Diego; Technical Document 3138; May 2002 [http://www.spawar.navy.mil/sti/publications/pubs/td/3138/td3138cond.pdf] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060427061028/http://www.spawar.navy.mil/sti/publications/pubs/td/3138/td3138cond.pdf|date=2006-04-27}}</ref> == See also == *[[Brown note]] *[[Directional sound]] *{{annotated link|Electronic harassment}} *[[The Hum]] *[[Infrasound]] *[[LED incapacitator]] *[[Long-range acoustic device]] *[[Parametric array]] *[[Sone]] (a unit of loudness of sound) *[[Sonic screwdriver]] *[[Sound intensity]] *[[Sound power]] *[[Sound pressure]] *[[Ultrasonic welding]] *[[Ultrasound]] ==References== {{Reflist}} rawr ==Further reading== *{{cite book |title=Sonic Warfare: Sound, Affect, and the Ecology of Fear |first=Steve |last=Goodman |publisher=MIT Press |date=2012 |isbn=978-0-262-51795-9}} ==External links== * [https://www.usatoday.com/tech/news/techinnovations/2005-11-07-cruise-blast_x.htm ‘’USA Today’’ report on cruise ship attack] – [https://web.archive.org/web/20070928090358/http://www.atcsd.com/pdf/LRAD_SellSht-0728-2.pdf Data on device used by cruise ship] ([[PDF]]) * [https://web.archive.org/web/20071014071326/http://forteantimes.com/features/articles/256/sonic_weapons.html Jack Sargeant, with David Sutton. ''Sonic weapons''. ForteanTimes, December 2001] * [http://www.cabinetmagazine.org/issues/5/acousticsofwar.php Daria Vaisman. "The Acoustics of War." Cabinet, Winter 2001/2002.] * [https://borderlandsciences.org/journal/vol/52/n04/Vassilatos_on_Vladimir_Gavreau.html Gerry Vassilatos. "The Sonic Doom of Valdimir Gavreau."], ''Journal of Borderland Research'', October 1996. {{emerging technologies|topics=yes|military=yes}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Sonic Weapon}} [[Category:Ultrasound]] [[Category:Non-lethal weapons]] [[Category:Devices to alter consciousness]] [[Category:Directed-energy weapons]]'