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Tygarrup

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Tygarrup
Tygarrup javanicus
Scientific classification Edit this classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Arthropoda
Subphylum: Myriapoda
Class: Chilopoda
Order: Geophilomorpha
Family: Mecistocephalidae
Genus: Tygarrup
Chamberlin, 1914
Type species
Tygarrup intermedius
Chamberlin, 1914
Synonyms
  • Brahmaputrus Verhoeff, 1942

Tygarrup is a genus of soil centipedes in the family Mecistocephalidae.[1] These centipedes are found mainly in tropical and subtropical regions of East Asia and southeast Asia and from Seychelles to Hawaii.[2][3] The species in this genus have adapted to a broad range of habitats, from sea level to high mountains and from tropical rainforests to cold montane forests.[2][3] The species Tygarrup javanicus has become an invasive in greenhouses in Europe.[4][5]

Taxonomy

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This genus was first described by the American biologist Ralph V. Chamberlin in 1914 to contain the newly discovered type species T. intermedius.[6] In 1942, the German zoologist Karl W. Verhoeff described Brahmaputrus as a new genus to contain the newly discovered type species B. poriger.[2] In 1968, however, the American myriapodologist Ralph E. Crabill deemed Brahmaputrus to be a junior synonym of Tygarrup.[7] Authorities now consider Tygarrup to be the valid name for Brahmaputrus.[8]

Description

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Centipedes in this genus feature elongated heads.[2] The clypeus lacks a longitudinal areolate stripe down the middle, and the pleurites on the side of the head lack setae. The coxosternite of the first maxillae is divided down the middle by a longitudinal suture, but the coxosternum of the second maxillae is undivided. The second maxillae are well developed and reach beyond the first maxillae. Each of the second maxillae ends in a claw. The forcipular tergum is slightly wider than long. The groove on the ventral surface of the trunk segments is not forked. The ultimate legs are as slender in the male as in the female.[9][10]

Species in this genus range from 2 cm to 6 cm in length.[3] These species can have either 43 or 45 leg-bearing segments.[11][12] Most of these species (e.g., Tygarrup anepipe,[13] T. daliensis,[14] T. diversidens,[15] T. griseoviridis,[16] T. javanicus,[13] T. malabarus,[17] T. muminabadicus,[2][13] T. nepalensis,[14] T. poriger,[2][14] T. singaporiensis,[16] and T. takarazimensis[13]) have 45 leg pairs.[3][18] An undescribed Tygarrup species found in the Andaman Islands has 43 leg pairs.[3][13]

Phylogeny

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A phylogenetic analysis of the family Mecistocephalidae using morphological features places the genus Tygarrup in the subfamily Mecistocephalinae along with the genera Krateraspis, Mecistocephalus, and Takashimaia. This analysis also places the genus Tygarrup on the most basal branch of a phylogenetic tree in this subfamily with the other three genera in a clade forming a sister group for Tygarrup. The genera in this subfamily share a set of distinctive traits, including a head that is evidently longer than wide, a divided coxosternum of the first maxillae, an undivided coxosternum of the second maxillae, well developed second maxillae that each feature a claw, and a forcipular tergum that is slightly wider than long.[13]

A set of other traits, however, distinguishes Tygarrup from its close relatives in this subfamily. For example, where the anterior part of the side of the head in Mecistocephalus and Takashimaia features a spiculum (a sclerotized pointed projection), this spiculum in absent in Tygarrup. Furthermore, where the central part of the clypeus is areolate with a longitudinal areolate stripe running down the middle of the posterior part of the clypeus in Krateraspis and Mecistocephalus, both of these areas of areolation are absent in Tygarrup.[12][11]

Species

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Currently accepted species include:[1][19]

References

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  1. ^ a b Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "Tygarrup Chamberlin, 1914". ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 2025-03-09.
  2. ^ a b c d e f Jiang, Chao; Fan, Jiabo; You, Chunxue; Li, Weichun; Huang, Luqi (2025-02-26). "New species of Tygarrup centipedes from Xizang, China (Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae)". Zoosystematics and Evolution. 101 (2): 533–550 [533–534, 544, 546]. doi:10.3897/zse.101.141741. ISSN 1860-0743.
  3. ^ a b c d e Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory D.; Zapparoli, Marzio (2011). "Chilopoda – Taxonomic overview". In Minelli, Alessandro (ed.). The Myriapoda. Volume 1. Leiden: Brill. pp. 363–443 [434]. ISBN 978-90-04-18826-6. OCLC 812207443.
  4. ^ Tuf, Ivan Hadrián; Mock, Andrej; Dvořák, Libor (2018-06-01). "An exotic species spreads through Europe: Tygarrup javanicus (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae) is reported from the Slovakia and the Czech Republic". Journal of Asia-Pacific Entomology. 21 (2): 560–562. Bibcode:2018JAsPE..21..560T. doi:10.1016/j.aspen.2018.03.004. ISSN 1226-8615. S2CID 89794909.
  5. ^ Damasiewicz, Alicja; Leśniewska, Małgorzata (2020). "Tygarrup javanicus (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha) – an exotic species that has reached Poland". Polish Journal of Entomology. 1 (89): 52–58. doi:10.5604/01.3001.0014.0300.
  6. ^ Chamberlin, Ralph V.; Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1914). "The Stanford Expedition to Brazil 1911 John C. Branner Director. The Chilopoda of Brazil". Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College. 58: 151–221 [210–214] – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  7. ^ Crabill, R.E., Jr. (1968). "A bizzare case of sexual dimorphism in a centipede with consequent submergence of a genus (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Mecistocephalidae)". Entomological News. 79: 286–287 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  8. ^ Bonato, L.; Chagas Junior, A.; Edgecombe, G.D.; Lewis, J.G.E.; Minelli, A.; Pereira, L.A.; Shelley, R.M.; Stoev, P.; Zapparoli, M. (2016). "Brahmaputrus Verhoeff, 1942". ChiloBase 2.0 - A World Catalogue of Centipedes (Chilopoda). Retrieved 2025-03-11.
  9. ^ Uliana, Marco; Bonato, Lucio; Minelli, Alessandro (2007-01-22). "The Mecistocephalidae of the Japanese and Taiwanese islands (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha)". Zootaxa. 1396 (1): 1–84 [68–69]. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.1396.1.1. ISSN 1175-5334.
  10. ^ Bonato, Lucio; Edgecombe, Gregory; Lewis, John; Minelli, Alessandro; Pereira, Luis; Shelley, Rowland; Zapparoli, Marzio (2010-11-18). "A common terminology for the external anatomy of centipedes (Chilopoda)". ZooKeys (69): 17–51. Bibcode:2010ZooK...69...17B. doi:10.3897/zookeys.69.737. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 3088443. PMID 21594038.
  11. ^ a b Bonato, Lucio; Dányi, László; Minelli, Alessandro (2010). "Morphology and phylogeny of Dicellophilus, a centipede genus with a highly disjunct distribution (Chilopoda: Mecistocephalidae)". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 158 (3): 501–532 [515]. doi:10.1111/j.1096-3642.2009.00557.x.
  12. ^ a b Dyachkov, Yurii V.; Bonato, Lucio (2022-04-14). "Morphology and distribution of the Middle Asian centipede genus Krateraspis Lignau, 1929 (Chilopoda, Geophilomorpha, Mecistocephalidae)". ZooKeys (1095): 143–164 [147]. Bibcode:2022ZooK.1095..143D. doi:10.3897/zookeys.1095.80806. ISSN 1313-2970. PMC 9023436. PMID 35836682.
  13. ^ a b c d e f Bonato, Lucio; Foddai, Donatella; Minelli, Alessandro (2003). "Evolutionary trends and patterns in centipede segment number based on a cladistic analysis of Mecistocephalidae (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha): Evolution of segment number in Mecistocephalidae". Systematic Entomology. 28 (4): 539–579 [542–546, 549]. doi:10.1046/j.1365-3113.2003.00217.x.
  14. ^ a b c Chao, Jui-Lung; Lee, Kwen-Shen; Yang, Zi-Zhong; Chang, Hsueh-Wen (2020). "Two new species of centipedes, Tygarrup daliensis sp. nov. (Mecistocephalidae) and Australobius cangshanensis sp. nov. (Lithobiidae), from Southwestern China". Opuscula Zoologica. 51 (Supplementum 2): 57–67 [58, 60]. doi:10.18348/opzool.2020.s2.57. ISSN 0237-5419.
  15. ^ Silvestri, F. (1919). "Contributions to a knowledge of the Chilopoda Geophilomorpha of India". Records of the Indian Museum (in Latin). 16: 45–107 [76–78]. doi:10.5962/bhl.part.25916. S2CID 87839550 – via Biodiversity Heritage Library.
  16. ^ a b Verhoeff, K.W. (1937). "Chilopoden aus Malacca nach den Objecten des Raffles Museum in Singapore" (PDF). Bulletin of the Raffles Museum (in German). 13: 198–270 [236] – via National University of Singapore.
  17. ^ Chamberlin, Ralph V. (1944). "Some chilopods from the Indo-Australian Archipelago". Notulae Naturae. 147: 1–14 [6].
  18. ^ Titova, Lidia P. (1981). "Two new Tygarrup Chamb. (Chilopoda, Geophilida, Mecistocephalidae) from Indochina". Annalen des Naturhistorischen Museums in Wien. Serie B für Botanik und Zoologie. 85: 147–156. ISSN 0255-0105. JSTOR 41766660.
  19. ^ GBIF Backbone Taxonomy. "Tygarrup Chamberlin, 1914". gbif.org. GBIF Secretariat. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
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